Obtain information in research

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIdentifying the research method or methodological analysis used to obtain information in a research is indispensable you must make up one's mind which method you are traveling to utilize in order to roll up the informations. Before acquiring started there are a twosome of footings that can be defined such as:Methodology:It is the manner that you are traveling to set about you research, and the attack of the research ( Whittaker 2009 ) .Research Method:Is the manner or the process that you are traveling to roll up your informations. The four most normally used are interviews, questionnaires, focal point groups and documental analysis ( ibid ) .Datas:The information that is needed to reply your research inquiry it is either numerical information or words ( ibid ) . By and large there are two types of research methods or approaches it either quantitative research or qualitative research.Quantitative Research:Normally covering or depicting quantification and measuring which can be analysed utilizing statistical trials to find a relationship between variables ( Whittaker 2009 ) .Qualitative Research:Tends to emphasis word as informations, such as the words of participants in interviews or written informations from paperss ( Whittaker 2009 ) . Recently there has been a tendency to unite these methods and utilize a 3rd method known as assorted method. When the two methods combine the research worker can profit from both for the good of the research. I will unite both methods in my research which is about safety in fictile fabrication because in some parts of the research I will hold to utilize quantitative and in the other parts qualitative as I will warrant subsequently. In quantitative researches world is viewed and inquiry for information is based upon scientific observation instead than philosophical like in qualitative which is non truly clear but by and large smaller sample sizes are used and studied in more deepness and inside informations in qualitative ( Miles and Huberman 1994 ) .Basically, qualitative research seeks to explicate the significance of societal phenomena through researching it instead than seeking to develop specific testable hypothesis like in quantitative. That is why we have used the quantitative portion because it is seeking to develop the safety of fictile fabrication and world is viewed in that. Normally quantitative is valued more than qualitative by governmental organisations as it focuses more in the & A ; lsquo ; what works ‘ docket and is easy generalisable, whereas societal work research has tended to favor qualitative approached ( Miles and Huberman 1994 ) . This research will travel through different stages and phases we can summarize the phases as follows: Phase I: Planning — — & A ; gt ; Stage 1: Choosing a subject: which was & A ; lsquo ; Safety in Plastic Manufacturing ‘ Phase 2: Choosing an attack: unite both quantitative and qualitative methods Phase 3: Determination and composing the literature reappraisal Phase II: DATA COLLECTION — — & A ; gt ; Phase 4: Roll uping your informations: either questionnaires or interviews and instance surveies. Phase 5: Analyzing your informations: by utilizing SPSS Phase 6: Writing your research: present your findings and happen the decision and recommendations if available In this research we will utilize a twosome of methods in-order to obtain the information needed but the most popular methods were interviews, questionnaires and studies. Every method will be defined and why it will be used in this survey.( 1 ) Interviews:Is one of the most popular research methods particularly for societal work, people normally feel familiar with it because it is something used in societal life about every twenty-four hours. Besides, it is a good technique to obtain information from people with cognition and experience, you can believe through your subject and do expressed things, for these ground I have chose interviews to be one of the methods for my survey. I will be questioning directors of mills, executives from wellness administrations and applied scientists these are the people who are suited for interviews because they have good experience in this field that we can utilize to happen the reply to the research inquiry. Some of these people might non be able to run into face to face that is why I will besides utilize telephone interviews it can be non as sufficient and accurate as face to face but still we can acquire utile information from it. Some of the advantages of interviews that they are good at analyzing complex issues and you get rich informations from it, besides your participants are enabled to discourse sensitive issues in an unfastened manner without perpetrating themselves in composing ( Whittaker 2009 ) . In my program we are non traveling to hold a batch of interviews our mark is 15-20 interviews ( depending on the information obtained ) because interviews are clip devouring to finish them and sometimes complicated to analyze them depending on how structured they are, how good is your participant ‘s experience ( Whittaker 2009 ) . There is a scope of interview types but chiefly the can be categorised as: structured, un-structured and semi-structured. In this survey we will utilize more semi-structured and structured interviews. The structured are extremely ordered and chiefly bring forthing quantitative informations that we will necessitate. This will be likely be used with the applied scientists in the mills. The semi-structured will hold a list of inquiries known as interview agenda and it will be more flexible and the order can be changed depending on the responses of the participants. This will be with directors of mills and executives from wellness and administrations. Some of the inquiries can be direct, in-direct, interpreting inquiries, presenting, etc. Silence can be really effectual in giving your participants clip to believe through their response and can add more utile information ( Whittaker 2009 ) .( 2 ) Questionnaires:This is the other type of method that will be used in this survey ; they originate from study tradition, which has a long history in societal scientific disciplines. Surveies are used to analyze big groups normally utilizing a standirised, quantitative attack to place beliefs and attitudes ( Whittaker 2009 ) .Questionnaires should be clear, avoid two-base hit barrelled inquiries, realistic, and non insistent. In this survey questionnaires will be aiming workers from mills that are affected by the deficiency of safety in their mills and employees from wellness administrations and random people who can hold any thought about this issue. To get down with there will be 200questionnaires ; it will be clear and related to safety and will non include any abbreviation that people can non understand. Language that is pec uliarly emotional or value laden and prima inquiries will be avoided excessively. There will be different types of responses like: Exact response: like the figure of old ages in work experience. Category response: such as choosing the degree of instruction. Dichotomous responses: yes/no Scale inquiries: degree of safety in the mill And there are unfastened ended inquiries that will give the participants to show his personal sentiment.( 3 ) Case Surveies:is a elaborate enquiry or experimental methods within a quantitative attack through to ethnography utilizing observation and interviews within a qualitative attack ( Payne and Payne 2004 ) . There will four mills in Saudi Arabia taken as a instance survey to detect the degree of safety there and what it lacks for.Mentions:Miles, M. and Huberman, A. ( 1994 ) Qualitative Data Analysis: An expanded beginning book.2nd editionPayne, G. and Payne, J. ( 2004 ) Key Concepts in Social ResearchWhittaker, A. ( 2009 ) Research Skills for Social Work

Business Communications reflection Essay

Communication can be seen as the most important part of our life because living without communication, we cannot express our wants or understand the others’ needs, then there is no development at all. However, communication, particularly speaking, is not my strong point. That is the reason why I took Business Communications course. After ten weeks studying this course, I realize that my speaking skill have improved a lot. Surprisingly, the remarkable improvement is not only in Vietnamese but also in English speaking skill. Before studying at university environment, I used to think that there would be jobs that suitable for people that are not good at communication like me. Therefore, I did not work hard to improve that hindrance. I am afraid that what I say is stupid, then, people will laugh at me. I am also not sense of humour, so things I say usually are not interest. If I talk too much people will get bored and then, they will get away from me. Especially, when someone that talks a lot to me, I will definitely feel dizzy, even headache. I afraid people are the same as me. I do not want to drive them crazy. That is why I prefer listen people talk to speak to them. When I started learning English, I hoped that one day I could speak English as excellent as native people. However, although I can hear people speak English very well, I cannot speak fluently. When I practice by myself, I do not feel depressed because there is no one around me. Not being observed by anyone else helps I talk out loud what I think inside naturally and confidently. However, when I stand in front of people, I cannot open my mouth, and just smile stupidly instead. I am scared of pronouncing wrongly and using incorrect words. If I want to say something, I have to spend time on remembering vocabularies and arranging words following correct grammars. It takes me long time, so I just say keywords. Of course, people cannot understand clearly want I want to convey. Things going that way make me stressed. I wonder why after eight years studying English, I still cannot speak as well as 4 years old American children. However, after four semesters being at RMIT university and ten weeks taking Business Communications course, I have learned many helpful things. From comparing between what active students have achieved and silent ones, I now have to state that no matter the position we are, communication is still play a  crucial role; and if we want to develop as well as promote, we must learn how to communicate nicely. Furthermore, in the Business Communication course, though my teacher talk a lot, the class are not bored, but are attracted. The reason is that what they said is very useful. Therefore, I now would claim that talking too much is not always annoying other people. It is just up to the topics chosen. Not only the teacher but my classmates are also very professional. Although some of them are smaller than me, they communicate and present perfectly. One interesting thing I found out is that they always smile nicely when talking. Smiling helps they look more friendly and attractive. Comparison between their speech and my speech helps me I discover the reasons that prevent me from speaking fluently, particularly English. Firstly, I am so shy or in other words, I am lack of confidence. Although many people do not believe in Horoscope, I do. In Horoscope theory, people who are Virgo always pursuit perfectionism. I am a Virgo and that is why I am usually not satisfied with what I have done. For that reason, I am so inferiority complex. The second reason is that I have not practice speaking enough. People can do one thing well only when they do it frequently. I usua lly stay at home and use the computer as the main way to contact other people, instead of face to face chatting. Thirdly, when speaking English, I always bear in mind that I have to follow grammars. Each word must be in its correct order. As a result, it prevents me from speaking English naturally. The last reason is lacking of vocabulary. After discovering the reasons, I think I can improve that issue by applying the following things. I have to stop being shy all the time. I need to think optimistically about myself. My English pronunciation is not very bad. I also have adequate knowledge to join in any conversation of friends. Additionally, I should not view conversations in a serious perspective. No one could skill me when a say something wrongly because no one can be right all the time. Thus, I just need to speak out loud, not only think in mind. Moreover, I will smile when I talk for the purpose of increasing confidence and comforting people joining the conversation. Additionally, I will learn more vocabularies, but word by word separately. In a website I read before, it is said that the best way help us speaking English fluently is learning whole sentences. I suppose this method will help me skip time spend on arranging words to form sentences. Lastly, one of my classmates told me that  reading books about communication art would help me improve speaking skill. She recommended the book â€Å"How to Win fri ends and Influence people† written by Dale Carnegie. This book teaches readers how to have effective speeches. I have applied these solutions for several weeks and the result is quite surprising, at least for me. Now, with smiles and the feeling of being free to say anything, I see that my friends are more comfortable when chatting with me. I can also use English to express what I thought more clearly than before. I am very happy about that. I also read the book that my friend recommended, and I feel like â€Å"Oh my gods, how shortage of knowledge I am†. The book shows me lots of simple technique that I might apply immediately. In conclusion, the Business Communication has brought me lots of significant experience helping I improve the most important part of life – communication. The solutions I discovered seem to be very helpful for me. Hence, I will continue to uphold these useful methods. Imaging one day I can talk in front of many people confidently, naturally and effectively makes me excited and it also gives me mor e motivation to continue my improvement.

Necrophilia Cases

Sex according to many or may I say, majority, is the highest enjoyment in the planet. But the unsatisfying nature of sex leads to the uninterrupted series of encounters. Sex with same sex was recognized, adult sexually attracted to children or pedophilia, and zoophilia – the practice of sex between humans and animals. Necrophilia is a psychiatric expression for a pathological sexual attraction to corpses. It is a very rare and unwell understood phenomenon. Legends with necrophilia themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egyptians, as noted by Herodotus (484 BCE -425 BC approx): â€Å"When the wife of a distinguished man dies, or any woman who happens to be beautiful or well known, her body is not given to the embalmers immediately, but only after the lapse of three or four days. This is a precautionary measure to prevent the embalmers from violating her corpse, a thing which is actually said to have happened in the case of a woman who had just died. (de Selincourt, translation, 1972, p. 161) In Psychopathia Sexualis, in 1894, the original work of Richard Von Kraft-Ebing, one of the first psychiatric writers called necrophilia a horrible manifestation of sadism. Abraham A. Brill published the first comprehensive study of the subject in 1941, characterizednecrophiles as mentally deficient, psychotic, and incapable of obtaining a consent partn er. Necrophilia has been linked with cannibalism and vampirism as all are considered perversions. In the British Journal of Psychiatry in 1978 by Neville Lancaster, reported a case of a 23 year old student of music at teacher’s training college in England. The student was convicted of the murder of a young woman and was sentenced for life imprisonment. He admitted that he had broken into mortuary and had sexual contacts with female corpses on different occasions prior to the murder. The student was evaluated with an IQ test and found no evidence of mental illness and had a normal romantic relationship with a music teacher. The authorities found out that he was a necrophile, who desired to have sex with corpses, therefore decided to kill female victims and engage sex with a fresh dead cadaver. In 1989, two dedicated psychiatrist, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick review 122 cases demonstrating necrophilic acts or fantasies. Both distinguish true necrophilia and pseudo-necrophilia from the different cases. They classified true necrophilia into three types:necrophilic homicide – murder to obtain a orpse for sexual pleasure: regular necrophilia – the use of already dead corpse for sex: necrophilic fantasy – just fantasizing sexual activities with a cadaver without carrying out any necrophilia. The pseudo-necrophilia has a transient attraction to a corpse but the corpse is not the center of the sexual desire. According to Rosman and Resnick, neither psychosis, mental retardation, sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. The best motive for necrophilia is in possession of a not-re jecting and unresisting partner. Necrophiles choose occupation with access to corpses. Many psychologists, psychiatrists, and researchers psychoanalytical explanation for necrophilia and both Rosman and Resnick developed an empirical model to get a rich understanding of how psychodynamic events could lead to necrophilia: (1) The necrophile develops poor self-esteem, due in part to a significant loss;(a) He (usually male) is very fearful of rejection by women so desires a sex object who cannot refuse him; and/or (b) He is fearful of the dead, transforms his fear – by means of reaction formation – into a desire for the dead: (2) He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with corpse, sometimes after exposure to cadaver. Extreme Cases of Necrophilia Ted Bundy, an American serial killer, killed numerous young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978, he eventually confessed to 30 murders total victims unknown. Bundy would bludgeon his victims, strangle and engage in rape and necrophilia. Edmund Kemper – The Coed Killer Edmund Kemper, from Burbank, California started his escapades at a very young age. He mutilated two of the family cats and caught playing with his sister portraying death rituals. He was shipped off to his father twice as he keep on returning back, till finally he was sent to his grandparents in the foothills of California’s Sierra’s in the farm. At a young age 15, he shot his grandmother and stabbed her repeatedly by a kitchen knife for not allowing him to go with his grandfather to the fields. Ask for the reason why, â€Å"I just wanted to see what it would be like to shoot grandma. † In May 7, 1972, Kemper picked up two girls from Fresno State College while hitchhiking. He brought them to a seclude place and stabbed them to death and sexually abused the corpses. He took the bodies to his mother’s place, dissected them and played with their organs and took Polaroids. He buried the bodies at Santa Cruz Mountain and tossed the heads into a deep ravine in the road. In September, he picked up a 15 year-old-girl, suffocated her and rape her corpse. He took her home, just like the others, dissected the body and buried it next to Boulder Creek. In January 1973, he picked up a student from Sta. Cruz, forced her to the trunk and shot her. He raped the corpse before bringing her home, where he dissected the corpse, bag it and tossing it off at the cliff into the ocean at Carmel. Less than a month after picking up two women and shot them to death, he raped both headless corpses. Their mutilated bodies were dumped into Eden Canyon. This time he turned his rage towards his sleeping mother. He beat his mother to death while lay sleeping in the bed with a claw hammer. He followed this by decapitating her and raping the headless corpse. He finished by taking the larynx and dumping it at the garbage disposal. He was convicted of 8 counts of first degree murder, and asked what punishment you like, he replied†¦. †Death by torture. † Received 16 August 2000; accepted 10 November 2000. This report presents the case of a young man legally convicted twice on a charge of defiling the dead. All necrophilic acts were committed over a period of around 15 years. The examination results revealed a purely female-fixated necrophilia. In three cases, the perpetrator skinned the trunk of the corpses, placed the skin on his naked body and that stimulated him sexually. In several cases, he also used burial clothes that he had removed from the coffins and kept at home. The perpetrator had a long record of psychiatric treatment for his sexual inclination. These are just some of the recorded cases of necrophilia, a deterrent example of unsatisfied behavior. The psychiatrists and psychologists endless study of such behavior of mankind and its mysterious mind contributes deep assertion why such unearthly actions are committed. The unsatisfying nature of the human being also tends to lead us that we are by nature happy. But we are searching amiss. Police in Zamboanga, Philippines are investigating into an alleged case of necrophiliaafter five graves were desecrated in recent months. Starting in October last year five dead women and children have been exhumed from their graves at a cemetery in Barangay Mercedes and interfered with. The first instance back in October was a recently buried woman who authorities discovered dug up and placed on top of her resting place. Then in February a dead old lady was found exhumed from her grave, and this month a 17 year old girl and a 13 day old baby girl were also removed from their graves. The most recent case, which happened just days ago, involved a female teacher who was removed from her grave and hung upside down from a post in the graveyard, suspended by her own stockings. The deceased woman’s underwear had also been removed and placed on her head. Families of the deceased are said to be furious at the alleged sexual violation of the corpses. Police say they suspect a group of perpetrat The Dead Corpse Can Fantasize Physical Pleasure By: Swarag Monday, January 7, 2008, 17:17 [IST] A A A The term ‘corpse' may reduce us into a ball of fear, but there are some exceptionals, who can step a foot further to use them to fulfill their sexual desires. Such sexual attraction to corpses is called Necrophilia or Thanatophilia or Necrolagnia. Read the horrifying sexual fantasy that has been just another part of life from many decades. Welcome to the world of sexual horror!!! Necrophilia in ancient culture The necrophilia practices can be found in the artifacts of the Moche civilization of South America, where pottery depicting skeletal figures engaged in coitus with living humans are among the ruins. In one of the ancient cultures Necrophilia was practiced as a spiritual means of communicating with the dead. Some employed it as an attempt to revive the departed. an error occurred while processing this directive] Legends with necrophilic themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egypt.. Causes Some of the main cause for such irregular behavior towards sex are listed below, †¢ When a person, (usually men) experiences rejection of love by the opposite sex, every other day, he desires a sexual partner who is incapable of rejecti ng him. Alas! He can have such a relationship only with the one that doesn't beat the rhythm of life. He also fears the dead and he tries to transform his fear by reaction formation into a desire. †¢ He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with a corpse, sometimes after exposure to a corpse. A research states that 68% of necrophiles were motivated by a desire for an unrejecting partner, 21% by a desire for reunion with a lost partner; 15 % by sexual attraction to dead people, 15 %by a desire for comfort or to overcome feelings of isolation and 12 % by a desire to remedy low self-esteem by expressing power over a corpse. Another research conducted in England states that some necrophiles tend to choose a dead mate after failing to create romantic attachments with the living. Types of Necrophilia In 1989, two researchers, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick studied 122 cases manifesting necrophilic acts or fantasies. They classified true necrophilia into three main types, Necrophilic homicide: Here a necrophile murders a human to obtain a corpse for sexual purposes. Regular Necrophilia: the necrophile uses natural dead corpse for sexual fantasies. Pseudonecrophile : has a transient attraction to a corpse, but a corpse is not the object of his sexual pleasure. According to the two researchers, the most common motive for necrophilia is possession of an unresisting and unrejecting partner. Neither mental retardation, psychosis or sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. Necrophile usually range between the age of 20 and 50 with occupations that provide ready access to corpses, mortuary attendants, gravediggers†¦ etc. Most individuals have been reported to be heterosexual. Laws : Sexual Offenses Act 2003, states that sexual penetration with a corpse is illegal. However as of May 2006, there is no federal legislation specifically barring sex with a corpse. Treatment: Treatment for necrophilia would be similar to that prescribed for most paraphilia's like, cognitive therapy, individual psychotherapy, use of sex-drive reducing medications, assistance with improving social and sexual relations, etc. The necrophile should also be assessed for associated psychopathology and treated accordingly.

Islamic Politics and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Islamic Politics and Culture - Essay Example Taliban). The vision and mission of Al Qaida is to help all Muslim population across the world, to recover from the oppression they faced from other religions. For example, Al Qaida believes that US intrusion in the Middle East and Afghanistan is causing problems to the Muslims in those regions. Therefore, they are fighting against America in these regions. Same way, Al Qaida believes that Indian Muslims, especially the Muslims in Kashmir are facing a lot of troubles from the Hindu community in India. Therefore, they are helping the terrorist activities in India against the Hindus. They do believe that the destruction of Babri Masjid in India is a clear indication of how Muslims in India are suffering from the hands of the Hindus. In short, Al Qaida network is operating globally. Earlier Jihadi groups were particular in fighting against â€Å"colonial movements, derived from the desire of a particular section of the population, mainly ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities in a country, for self-determination. Often, these conflicts take the tenor of separatist or irredentist movements with or without the use of violence† (TRAC). Earlier Jihadist groups were operating locally rather than globally. For example, Hamas was founded in 1987; but it is operating only in the Middle East, especially in the Palestine. The major aim of Hamas is to save Palestinians and liberate Palestine from the intrusions of Israel. They do have interests only in the Middle East and their main enemy is Israel only. On the other hand, for Al Qaida, America, India and Britain are the major enemies along with Israel. Al Qaida has no problems in recognizing them as a terrorist organization whereas Hamas is not ready to accept the label of a terrorist organization even though countries such as U.S., Israel, Egypt, Australia and Canada are considering this organization as a terrorist organization. It is evident that religion and religious beliefs were the central points in the

Radical Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Radical Movements - Essay Example On the other hand, supporters of radical action believe that it is their participation which influences change: this can be clearly seen in the way in which Martin Luther King and Ella Baker reacted to events in Montgomery: Radical movements are essentially grassroots actions, often involving more direct intervention than there more authoritarian allies, and with the nature of this kind of action comes several questions on the nature of leadership and power within radical movements; whether these movements can be organized and planned, or whether they are essentially spontaneous and dependant upon individual participation, and how radical actions are depicted by the media, and then transplanted upon political movement as a whole. These questions will be studied through the perspectives of the civil rights movement of the 1960s, the labor and union movements of the 1970's and 80's, and the anti-war/globalization movements of the late 90's and early 2000's. ... Civil Rights The civil rights movement of the 1960's had a striking heritage in the campaigns of previous decades, including the radical actions of the 1930's (although the latter was rather taken over by the Communist Party, as in the Scottsboro Affair, due to lack of initiative by the NAACP). However, the previous campaigns had also left a deep split between the idea of strong leadership controlling the action, and the desire for collective control of the movement. The latter movement essentially believed that it was necessary for the oppressed to run their own lives, and this was the best method of obtaining freedom: "Including everyonemeant that the common assumption that poor people had to be led by their social betters was anathema" (Payne, chap 3). The mission of the Highlander Folk School was to teach people to develop themselves, not do their thinking for them. Even in white schools, this was a daring idea; but the real nature of the Highlander was radical civil disobedience. The school broke the segregation laws at the start, having an 'interracial philosophy': Many visitors testified that the experience of egalitarian living in an interracial situation had greater impact on them than the courses and workshops. (Payne, Chap. 3) This radicalisation not only extended to teaching and education, it also enrolled people as voters: a massively important move in the South, where very few black people were registered, and those involved in registering them were shot, injured, and frequently beaten up. The importance of this movement lies in its origins; although the Highlander was one school, it funded grass-roots education systems, until nearly two hundred schools were operating on the Highlander system: They had

Ethical Principles Underlying Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Principles Underlying Leadership - Essay Example According to the study it is common for healthcare facilities to update their work plans to follow a set of guidelines to conform to high quality standards. However, it is also expected that some members of the institutions in question would raise their points on opposing the implementation of changes within their healthcare system. An example of such changes met with strong opposition was mentioned in detail, where medical personnel were made to conform to evidence-based practices in dealing with their patients. The situation showed how their autonomy in handling patients was violated, but while there were major changes in how to deal with patients, there was still enough autonomy left for the healthcare personnel in the scenario, and that they could still take care of their patients in whatever way they deem fit. On a personal experience, in terms of fidelity and autonomy, the author had to face some problems with regards to handling patients under palliative care and their familie s. The physician handling the case wanted to fully inform the family as well as the patient of the expected life span after several failed chemotherapy sessions. The author voiced concern over the ethical aspect of such, and added explanations that it could prove stressful to both the family and the patient if they knew exactly that the time to be spent together was limited. In the end, to remain honest with the patient and family a compromise was made in telling them of the situation, though some parts of the truth such as estimated timeframe were held back so as not to add stress. Telling them about the shorter lifespan was better than not telling them about it at all, and that this helps them to prepare in the event that the patient suddenly expire within the expected time frame, showing how ethics and fidelity can come together in the provision of care. Answer to Discussion Question 2: Non-malfeasance has been defined as one of the basic principles in healthcare that requires pr oviders to do the patient not any kind of harm, however, the vagueness of the term creates problems in determining whether actions done for patients are harmful or not (Monagle & Thomasma, 2004). This means that harm becomes a relatively subjective term, and what may work for one patient might fail in another’s case. This is one reason why patients normally put their complete trust on medical personnel in keeping them safe, no matter if they would be harmed or not. It is expected that

Business environment and strategic planning Essay

Business environment and strategic planning - Essay Example Various factors which are specific to the industries in which firms operate such as - economies of scale, product differentiation, degree of concentration of various firms in that industry as well as barriers to market entry; significantly affect their performance (Hoskisson et al., 2008). This paper aims to discuss the impact of reclassification of a firm’s industry sector, on the industry, and the factors affecting its strategic management. It also includes an analysis of the company’s value chain; five forces analysis of the industry it operates in; core competencies and key issues the five forces framework. The leading construction firm – Carillion Plc., UK is selected for the purpose of this study. Carillion Plc., is one of UK’s leading support services companies, with a substantial portfolio of Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects and extensive construction capabilities. It has its business operations in various countries including the UK, Middle East, Canada, North Africa as well as the Caribbean, employing about fifty thousand people worldwide, and annual revenues worth more than  £5bn. It operates in various market sectors such as – defence, education, health, building, facilities management and services, roads, rail, civil engineering and utilities services etc. (Carillion, 2010a). Its key business strategy is to aim for sustainable growth in the support services and PPP projects; create, develop and market bespoke integrated solutions to its customers in the areas of project finance, design and construction as well as maintenance and lifetime asset management solutions. It also aims to maintain a strong and selective construction capability for long-term support service customers. As a part of this strategy the company has undergone significant changes over the years, primarily in the industry sector to which it belongs. Carillion has been reclassified as a

Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Essay

Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development - Essay Example Market therefore becomes central to the economic development where entrepreneurship and innovation become powerful factors to influence economic growth. Position of the paper Entrepreneurship and innovation are critical issues within socio-economic development that are intrinsically linked to growth. In the contemporary environment of competitive business, the role of creative entrepreneurship becomes vital ingredient of competitive advantage within the industry, irrespective of its structure or model. Indeed, various paradigms of economic growth are significantly impacted by entrepreneurial vision that anticipates change and competently exploits it for profit (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 2004). In the current environment of competitive business, entrepreneurship and innovation become the major enabling elements of competitive advantage and intrinsic part of economic growth. The paper would therefore be discussing the facilitating role of entrepreneurship and innovation in the economic dev elopment of society and how creativity and problem solving support the relationship. How entrepreneurship and innovation become driving force for economic development While the normal human behavior tends to follow a rational approach, an entrepreneur is highly indigenous in his/her actions and thoughts which often results in innovation and path breaking ideas, impacting human lives and leading to development (Harvey, M. and R. Evans, 1995). Oprah Winfrey is fitting example of entrepreneurial creativity who grabbed opportunity and brought about major social change vis-a-vis perspective in racial discrimination. She showed how a person can rise above the conformity of race and gender to become successful and promote socio-economic development of society. Indeed, the development of society is based on the revolutionary ideas of the few which has considerably influenced and restructured social fabric in a more rationale manner. Kirzner (1973) believes that entrepreneurs tend to identif y profit opportunities and act on their insights to become more productive, thus contributing towards economic growth. A market driven economy hugely supports entrepreneurial innovation as it is able to experiment with new ideas and exploit opportunities. Entrepreneurship is dynamic and evolves with changing times to maintain its leverage against industrial rivals. Facebook, twitter, Apple, Microsoft etc. are important companies that were able to exploit new ideas and turned them into roaring businesses. Through the evolving process of entrepreneurial creativeness, the companies, that fundamentally adopt a culture of entrepreneurship and innovation, are better able to cope with increasing competition in the market and impact economic growth. The major theories that support the relationship between creative entrepreneurship and development Schumpeter (1934) has been one of the most influential social scientist to propose that economic growth is driven by innovation. He asserted that radical innovation brought disruptive changes while incremental innovations were proactive in continuous process of change. According to him, there were five types of innovation. While new product development ensured that people’s changing requirements are met, new methods of productions like lean production, TQM etc promoted efficiency and quality. Market

Ryanair marketing strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ryanair marketing strategies - Assignment Example Worth noting is the fact that its low price strategy propelled the company to success for some years. However, towards the end of 2013 and part of 2014, the company experienced a decline in profits. The decline served as a warning for the company to develop better strategies so that it can survive in the industry. This paper will describe Ryanair’s low-cost strategy and highlight its recent marketing strategy, which has helped the company to rise from the decline. Ryanair is a company founded by three individuals named Christopher Ryan, Liam Lonergan, and Tony Ryan in 1985. Notably, the three of them began with a family aircraft that were determined to develop the company into a successful airline. Ryanair would soon develop to become a low-fare airline in Europe, providing customers with an opportunity to travel at cheaper rates. In 1990, the company undertook a venture of restructuring the company and focusing on the low-cost model. In 1995, the company became the greatest airline in Ireland overtaking its competitors in the country. In 1997, the company went public on the Dublin stock exchange. In 2000, the company advanced to introduce online booking for its customers. The company progressed to open up new roots and expansion of its business in the European airspace in 2004. However, in 2009, the company registered an annual loss of â‚ ¬ 169M. With such a loss, the company needed to strategize on how to get back on the right track (Dom inic OConnell 2014, p. 6). Notably, the company has five main bases Madrid, Bremen, London, Charleroi, and Marseilles. The current CEO of the company is Michael OLeary. The company’s core vision is to register evolution in line with the company’s maturity. The company’s mission is to ensure that it remains profitable and offers customers opportunities to travel at low-cost while maintaining high customer standards. Recently, the company’s vision is centred on registering

Assessment in the Mental Health Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment in the Mental Health Setting - Essay Example Assessment is the first stage of the nursing process and begins with the collection of information about a patient (Hinchliff et al, 2003). In a broad sense, assessment is the foundation of nursing care and is a continuous process that nurses apply in their delivery of care (Ryrie and Norman 2010). Barker (2004) also identifies assessment as an estimation of a person’s character, and as a â€Å"decision making process based upon the collection of relevant information, using a formal set of ethical criteria, that contributes to an overall estimation of a person and his circumstances†. However it has been suggested that mental health nursing profession should integrate the broad principles of recovery approach into every aspect of nursing practice including that of assessment (DH 2006). Furthermore, a number of standardised assessment tools has been developed to support nurses further in fulfilling their professional task in clinical measurement and also in providing â₠¬Å"a general outline or the presentation of the person at a particular point in time† (Barker 2004). This essay will now identify, using evidence-based practice, a formal assessment tool used in the assessment of a patient in an acute inpatient assessment ward during a recent clinical placement. Relevant references will be cited to support statements and conclusions; appendices will also be provided to give a sample of the assessment tool used during the placement. In accordance with the Nursing & Midwifery Council’s Code of Professional Conduct (2002) guidelines, certain parts of this original essay such as the patient history will be omitted to maintain confidentiality and protect anonymity. The setting is an acute inpatient ward and a mixed gender unit. It provides a safe environment for assessment, treatment and therapeutic work helping to secure the full spectrum of mental health conditions designed to promote recovery as stated by the Department Of Health (2006). In this essay, I will pay attention to the use of the assessment instrument: Becks Depression Inventory (BDI). This inventory is basically composed of a series of queries conceptualized to measure the intensity and severity of patients with a diagnosis of mental health disorders (Polgar, 2003). The long form covers 21 questions which are meant to evaluate a specific symptom manifest among people with depression. The shorter form is composed of seven questions and is meant to be carried out by primary care givers (Polgar, 2003). This assessment tool was originally meant to evaluate and monitor depression among patients in the mental health setting and is now widely used as a measure and evaluation tool for patients with potentially depressed symptoms. I am fully aware of ethical issues on consent and so I gained a valid and informed consent of the patient in accordance with the NMC provisions (2002, section 3). The patient was made aware that this work would be confidential (NMC, 200 2, section 5). To protect her identity, she will be referred to as Helen in this paper. Helen is 65 years old and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She is currently in the acute mixed gender ward for assessment and treatment. For the past several years she has been admitted on and off into the ward similarly for depressed symptoms, and sometimes for manic symptoms. Rationale in selecting one type of assessment tool Using one type of assessment tool is crucial to the delivery of nursing care. The single assessment process applied to the patient helps to ensure that â€Å"older people’s needs are accurately assessed without needless duplication across different agencies†

Discuss the findings of the OFGEM report with regards to the UK energy Assignment

Discuss the findings of the OFGEM report with regards to the UK energy market; and discuss if more competition between the big six UK energy firms may benefit UK consumers - Assignment Example as proposed a number of reforms that should be employed in order to make the market more transparent, functional, and effective and consumer oriented in nature. The main objective for this essay is to study the report prepared and published by the OFGEM about the United Kingdom energy sector and analyze the proposals and reforms suggested by the same. This would be done by evaluating the economic aspects of this sector like the market structure, the price and demand elasticity, the present condition of the sector, the entry barriers and common strategies, the areas of the sector that need immediate interference and change and the propose reforms as suggested by the OFGEM. The UK energy sector is an intensely concentrated market in which the Big Six energy suppliers control the way the market functions. Also, the pricing strategies of one of these companies tend to affect that of the other companies in a direct and significant manner. The consumer groups for this market have been identified to have low involvement and low level of trust since the influence of the customers have become restrained due to the less number of options available to them. The low degree of consumer engagement has stemmed from a number of factors like the intrinsic nature of the energy products, the long periods required for switching suppliers, the excessive influence of the energy suppliers on the market and the lack of proper government interference and regulations for monitoring and supporting the interests of the consumer groups. These factors are identified to be hazardous for the future sustainability and health of the market structure because a significant lack of comp etition among the enmities in the market, a lack of interest and engagement of the consumers and excessive control of a handful of energy suppliers are noted in this sector. Other data given in Appendices 1-5 are suggestive of the above identified factors and features of this sector. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

Punctuality and Correct Medical Aid Essay Example for Free

Punctuality and Correct Medical Aid Essay The saying which goes A stitch in time saves nine is very true!!!Punctuality is no doubt a virtue no man can afford to lack. It is the simplest and easiest to acquire but at the same time really needed to succeed in life. Punctuality is the habit of doing things in time. It is a disciplinary force which contributes to the efficiency and success of both an individual and organization. A punctual person is always a step ahead of others . He is able to complete his assignments and keep commitments which wins him the command and respect of all those who work with him .He becomes an asset and support in any field of life. He will be a sought after member of any organization for the respect he has earned by his reliability and sense of discipline. Lessons of punctuality are introduced from the very birth of a child. Feeds are given punctually and so are medications. Schools , colleges also implement and enforce these in every possible way .Time tables, classes ,examinations all demand punctuality. A company which fails to deliver goods or services in time or is unpunctual in collecting dues is also bound to fail one day or the other. In hospitals on some occassions punctuality may make all the difference between life and death . Forgetting to give a medicine or injection on time may take a life! On the other hand bringing a patient and giving him the correct medical aid in time will save a precious life!History also shows how punctuality plays such an important role even in war. General Neys unpunctuality ruined Napoleon and changed the course of European history. If we study the lives of some great people we find that punctuality was one of the pillars of their success. Professionals like lawyers , doctors, teachers who have reached success are further respected when they keep their appointments and timely commitments . If we look around we shall see that sense of order and punctuality is seen in Nature too. The sun rises in the day , planets move in orbits, seasons keep their cycle teaching us the significance of time and punctuality in life. Today we live in a modern complex society where so many things are interdependent. It is essential for the smooth functioning that people recognise the need for punctuality. If trains and flights do not keep punctuality it can create such a mess and sometimes cause havoc and disaster or even accidents. In the age of rockets and moonlandings the importance of punctuality is felt even more. To organize events meetings and make them successful it is essential that all participants keep time and are punctual. Could big events like the Olympics be a success without punctualityWe should make a humble beginning and start incorporating punctuality in our lives in our day to day activities. Bed time and waking time , meal times if adhered to will help discipline us and tune our minds towards punctuality in other areas also. Once disciplined and punctual a very different future welcomes you. One would surely realise that punctuality is the key to success and greatness in life. One step at a time but always on time..!!!!

Airlines Customer Relationship Management Crm Systems Computer Science Essay

Airlines Customer Relationship Management Crm Systems Computer Science Essay During the early 1920s, several small scale airline companies had come up in different parts of Europe but only two of them made it to the top. They were-The Deutscher Aero Llyod and Junkers Luftverkehr. On January 6, 1926, they merged and founded Deutsche Lufthansa AG. Since then Lufthansa has been continuously transforming itself into a competitive corporation with maximum customer satisfaction and modern organizational structure. Deutsche Lufthansa is divided into 2 main divisions: Lufthansa Airlines Lufthansa Systems Airlines comprise of the different passenger airline services like Swiss airlines, Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, German Wings, JetBlue and SunExpress. Systems comprise of various MIS and Software system divisions like Lufthansa Systems, Lufthansa cargo, Lufthansa Technik and Financial Services. (Refer figure 1.) Lufthansa Systems is the major player in the Software systems and provides consulting and IT services to various companies. Companies from different sectors like transport, logistics and industry rely on the expertise of Lufthansa Systems. Apart from developing individual applications, it also provides airlines with integrated platform solutions that help them to optimize their core processes. Its Platform solutions include: The Integrated Operations Control Center (IOCC) Platform for airline operations The Integrated Commercial Platform (ICP) for network management and revenue control The Sirax AirFinance Platform for revenue management The Operations Platform for flight planning and execution The GroundSolutions Platform for check-in and boarding The AdvancedCargo Platform for all cargo processes Customer Relationship Management systems: Any airlines success basically depends on its capability to manage sales, marketing, and to maximize advantages for both from a better understanding of its customers. To achieve this, airline e-CRM models not only provide a comprehensive solution but also contribute towards improving the relationship of the airlines with its customers. An airline e-CRM model is a system made up of various components, different linkages amongst these components, and the dynamics- that can take advantage of the Internet to generate revenue. This is accomplished by building each of the components-value, revenue sources, rates and pricing, scope, capabilities and sustainability-and crafting linkages amongst these components. Hence it enables an airline to achieve an advantage over its competitors. Various softwares and MIS systems not only reduce the manual labour but also cater to the needs of the customers better. A broad classification of all the CRM services provided by Lufthansa includes: Passenger core systems Value added services Passenger Airline Competence Centre (PACC) MultiHost Sales, MultiHost DCS, e-ticketing interlining GroundSolutions Platform, NetLIne, Revenue Integrity. Strategy Vendor, Selection, Migration and Integration, Process Engineering. GrandSolutions GroundSolutions/ Mobile uses SMS dialogues or a mobile website to guide passengers conveniently throughout the entire check-in process. Passengers can use any PC and choose the seats, of their wish from an aircraft-specific seating plan, online. Further they can also print their boarding pass or can send it to a mobile device like a PDA or cell phone. Special check-ins like group check-in or employee standby flights are also integrated in this system. Charter passengers flying with a voucher instead of a ticket can avail this service as well. The system requires the customer to place his ID card or passport on the Check-in machines scanner. Then the flight number and destination for the flight is to be entered. The touch screen helps in entering the personal details. Once the booking is done, it can be confirmed online on lufthansa.com under my bookings. The payment is done via a credit card. GroundSolutions offers other services such as: Up gradation to a higher class Lounge access Reservation of special seats including window seats or exit route seats. This shows that the airline is in complete control of its various ancillary revenue channels. As soon as some change is made in the administrative department, this information is available to the passengers. This includes offering an upgrade to the next class or even a change in the advertisement on the boarding pass depending on the time, location or even the flight number. This has not only reduced the cost and time many folds but has also provided better customer satisfaction by addressing the needs of various customer groups differently. Furthermore, because of the flexibility in the system, the customers can be informed about any kind of changes easily. Key features: On to and return check-ins both possible Selection of the seats by the passengers on an interactive seating plan The e-boarding pass available on the cell phone Key benefits: Passengers have a better control over various processes This satisfies customer needs and increases compliance Paperless check-in proves to be more convenient and time saving Altea Customer Management System by Amadeus: Altea MIS is owned by Amadeus IT Group, the largest GDS (Global Distribution System) provider in the world with an estimated market share of 37% in 2009. Spread over 195 countries, its customers include airlines, hotels, travel agencies, rail and road transport companies. In 2009, 238 million passengers boarded different airlines using Amadeus Altà ©a. Air France and Lufthansa are its major customers. Altea is a new-generation CRM system which addresses airlines key functions like sales and reservations, arrival and departure control and inventory management. Altea reservations Altea inventory Altea DCS Availability, Booking, Fares and pricing, Customer profiles, e-ticketing Schedules management, Inventory control, Seat map management. Check-in, Boarding pass issuance, Baggage management, Flight boarding. Altea enables the customers to manage their booking and ticketing conveniently.it also helps airlines to manage their schedules, seating capacity and the associated fares. The user-interface is further simplified by the preferential use of XML over HTML or SOAP. This minimizes the implementation time and enables seamless connection with any ERP system. The Amadeus Altà ©a service unifies end-to-end IP network using highly reliable components supplying a fully managed business class of service. This allows Airlines and Ground Handlers to access the Amadeus Altà ©a DCS services from airports. The system enables the airlines to share network connectivity at airports to reduce operating costs and to provide a simpler solution. It guarantees access to Amadeus applications with better services and response times than what other airports can offer today. It provides access to best speeds available and is a very flexible system for the entire community of users. It provides different Class of Service (CoS) functionality for assigning higher priority to business critical traffic (e.g. Check-in) and lower priority to non-critical traffic (e.g. back office). The Amadeus Altà ©a CRM System is designed around the following core concepts: Single data source- this eliminates inconsistency of data. Customer centricity- entire information about the customers journey made available Automation and flexibility- Intuitive graphical user interfaces facilitate efficient service Common platform- offers benefit due to the combined input of all the world-leading airlines. Key features: Fully automated ticket availability and booking Higher customer satisfaction Increased staff productivity Faster and more efficient ticketing Enhanced self service options via web or kiosk Reduced cost and higher reliability NiceView : NiceView is an in-flight infotainment system which has been recently introduced by the airlines to make each passengers journey a memorable one. It enables the passengers to experience all the beautiful and mesmerizing scenes as though seeing them directly from the pilots cockpit. The NiceView is a moving map system which provides high-resolution 3-D maps and hence provides information and entertainment at the same time. It further provides an impressing 3-D view of the aircraft at its current geographical location as well as the flight path. On zooming in, high-resolution maps of 1 meter per pixel can be configured which display the entire flight route. The view of the entire route, flight track line, destination airport and the arrival time can be seen in 2-D or 3-D. Current flight data can be obtained from airborne communication links via ARINC-429 (ACARS) or Ethernet (Sat-Com/Broadband) . Virtual flights are also possible between the starting and the ending destinations by typing in their names. Lufthansa Airlines has implemented this software in majority of its international flights. It has also customized the software by including several other options like playing audio or video clips including movies or pre-recorded TV series, sports or political news, information regarding the estimated time of arrival, airport or boarding information or other safety briefings. It further gives environmental information like the estimated temperature outside, weather conditions, time change etc. The system also facilitates language translations as well as feeding and editing of geopolitical data. Working: At the time of take-off, NiceView automatically displays a welcome note on the touch-screen. Out of the several options including route map, movies, audio clips, weather information, news, flight related information and others, the passengers are free to select any one of their choice. High definition video output (HDTV) is also available apart from the standard definition video signals (NTSC/PAL). To support multi-channel and multi-language content around 4 mono audio channels are provided. With the help of touch screen, the passengers can surf various components of the system and can go back to the main or previous menu whenever desired. Further the alignment of the maps can be changed as per convenience and the entire time and route of the flight can be displayed. Any kind of selection of an item can be done via the touch-screen followed by a similar exit. Key benefits: Virtual camera views in 2D and 3D from around the aircraft A virtual flight route Display of movies and audio clips Various geopolitical, graphical and information overlays News and information 2-D and 3-D locations relative to the aircraft Illustrations of oceanographic data Thus all in all NiceView is truly an infotainment as it serves the purpose of providing sufficient information as well as entertainment during the flight. Appendix: Fig 1- Organizational structure of Lufthansa Group Fig 2- Display of Amadeus Altea Fig 3- Route of the flight illustrated in 2-D

Reflection Has Become An Important Concept In Nursing Nursing Essay

Reflection Has Become An Important Concept In Nursing Nursing Essay Introduction In recent years, reflection has undoubtedly become an important concept in nursing, stimulating debate and influencing nursing practice and education around the world. Much has been written about the theory of reflection, the majority of which has been applied to the educational setting (Price 2004). However, the process of reflecting has been described as a transferable skill which may be incorporated into clinical practice, enabling practitioners to better understand themselves and others, and solve problems (Mantzoukas Jasper 2004). Indeed, the capability to reflect consciously upon ones professional practice is generally considered important for the development of education and, hence, for clinical expertise (Mamede Schmidt 2004). Reid (1993) defines reflection as a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice (Reid 1993, p. 305). The nursing profession seems to advocate the need for nurses to be educated and practice in ways that develop their critical thinking, autonomy and sensitivity to others (Reed Ground 1997). Bulman (2004) contends that reflective practice may provide a means of achieving this. Within an intensive care setting, some evidence exists to suggest a strong relationship between lived experience and learning, with most critical care practitioners learning from previous experience (Hendricks et al 1996). More recently, reflection has been closely associated with the concepts of critical thinking and deconstruction. It is argued that a combination of these principles create a retrospective and prospective dimension, giving the practitioner the ability to deconstruct events, to reason the origins of situations, and to consider what has gone before and what may happen yet (Rolfe 2005). In order to be effective in practice there is a requirement to be purposeful and goal directed. It is suggested therefore that reflection cannot just be concerned with understanding, but must also focus on locating practice within its social structures, and on changing practice (Bolton 2001). This suggests that a structured approach to reflection is of benefit to the practitioner. Indeed the use of a model or framework of reflection is advocated as a tool which can aid and facilitate the practitioner in reflection, promoting a process of continuous development (Bulman 2004). Reflection is seen as a dynamic process and not a static one (Duke 2004), and thus the use of a framework which adopts a cyclic approach to reflective practice seems appropriate. One such framework is Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, which is adapted form a framework of experiential learning, and uses a series of questions to guide, and provide structure for the practitioner when reflecting on an experience. Gibbs (1988) highlights 6 important areas of consideration when reflecting on a specific situation, encouraging the practitioner to consider what happened, why it happened and what could be done differently in the future. The 6 components of the Reflective Cycle are outlined below: Description What happened? Feelings What were you thinking and feeling? Evaluation What was good and bad about the situation? Analysis What sense can you make of the situation? Conclusion What else could you have done? Action Plan If the situation arose again, what would you do? It is clear that the idea of reflective practice has come to have a considerable impact on the nursing profession. This paper will focus on 2 clinical scenarios occurring within an intensive care setting. The issues raised will be discussed within the context of Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. The aim in doing so is to highlight the benefits of a structured reflective process, and to identify ways in which clinical practice may be improved in the future. Scenario 1 Description The first scenario concerns the care of an elderly, critically ill patient, who was being treated in a surgical intensive care unit. At the time of this scenario the patient had been in intensive care for almost 3 weeks, having been admitted with respiratory failure requiring intubation, and displaying clinical symptoms consistent with sepsis. The patient had many other underlying medical problems, was morbidly obese, and despite antibiotic therapy was requiring high levels of inotropic and ventilatory support. Despite the patients symptoms, no definite source of sepsis had been identified. The above patient was being cared for by the author on a 12 hour day shift and at the morning ward round it was noted that the patients condition had deteriorated significantly over the previous 2 days, with increased inotrope dependence and worsening renal function. With few treatment options left to try, the consultant anaesthetist decided that the patient should have a CT scan to identify or rule out an abdominal problem as a source of the sepsis. The patient was reviewed by a consultant surgeon who felt that in view of the patients co-morbidity, surgery of any kind would not be appropriate, despite potential positive findings on CT. Knowing that a CT scan had been carried out 1 week previously with no significant findings, the author raised concerns about the benefit of such a procedure, and suggested that at the very least the patients family should be informed or consulted about the planned investigation. The patients son had been spoken to the previous day and informed that the prognosis was very poor. Withdrawal of treatment had been mentioned as a possibility in the event of no improvement in the patients condition. The son however was not informed about the scan which went ahead the same day. Transferring the patient to the radiology department for scan proved difficult. The patient was sedated for transfer resulting in a need for increased inotropes due to further hypotension caused by the sedation. The patients large size also created a problem in finding an appropriate transfer trolley to take the patients weight. Again the author voiced concerns, stating that perhaps transfer was inadvisable in view of the patients unstable cardiovascular status. The anaesthetist decided that we should proceed with the scan. The patient remained unstable throughout the transfer, requiring a further increase in inotropes on arrival at scan. Whilst on the CT table, the patient became dangerously hypotensive and bradycardic, and it seemed that cardiac arrest was imminent. Adrenaline boluses were administered, and large fluid boluses of gelofusine were also given. In view of this, the CT scan was abandoned midway, and the patient was quickly transferred back to ICU. Further adrenaline boluses were needed during transfer. On arrival back to ICU, the author was met by the patients son, who was not aware that the patient was being scanned. He was made aware of the patients poor condition. Back in ICU it was decided that further resuscitation was not appropriate. The son was present when the patient died a few minutes later. Feelings On the day these events took place, the predominant thoughts and feelings of the author were ones of guilt and inadequacy. Having considered the multiple health problems faced by the patient at this time, the author felt that the process of transferring the patient to CT scan and carrying out the scan itself may cause the patient stress, discomfort and potential danger, and ultimately be of little or no benefit. During the transfer and scanning process, the author became increasingly anxious about the immediate safety of the patient, and the potential for deterioration in the patients condition. When the patient became dangerously bradycardic and hypotensive, the authors thoughts were concentrated on trying to prevent cardiac arrest. On returning to ICU and meeting the patients son, it seemed that neither the dignity of the patient or the concerns of the family had been respected. The author felt an inadequacy and felt that the interests of the patient had not been properly advocated. The patient passed away in a distressing and undignified manner, and the son did not have the opportunity to spend personal time with the patient prior to this happening. The author felt guilty, as it seemed that the CT scan should not have happened and that the undignified circumstances surrounding the patients death need not have occurred. Evaluation Looking back on the events of scenario 1, it seems that there were both positive and negative aspects to the experience. During transfer to CT scan and the emergency situation which followed, the author felt that there was good teamwork between the different professionals involved in the care of the patient. Because of this, prompt action was taken, preventing cardiac arrest. However, it seems that this situation may have been avoided, which in turn raises many questions relating to the care of the patient. Ethically, one must question how appropriate it was to scan a severely septic, unstable patient, especially when corrective treatments would have been inappropriate in the event of an abnormality being discovered. Should the author have advocated the interests of the patient and family more forcefully? Was there a lack of communication and consensus between the critical care team? The events of this incident culminated in a clinical emergency situation which led to the patients death. Thus, the author feels that the patients clinical condition and the ethical issues and dilemmas surrounding the patients care must be examined and discussed, in the hope that lessons can be learned through the reflective process. Analysis Sepsis Most illness and death in patients in intensive care is caused by the consequences of sepsis and systemic inflammation. Indeed, sepsis affects 18 million people worldwide each year (Slade et al 2003), with severe sepsis remaining the highest cause of death in patients admitted to non-coronary intensive care units (Edbrooke et al 1999). Sepsis is a complex condition that results from an infectious process, and is the bodys response to infection. It involves systemic inflammatory and cellular events that result in altered circulation and coagulation, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired tissue perfusion (Kleinpell 2004). Dellinger et al (2004) define sepsis as the systemic response to infection manifested by 2 or more of the following: High or low temperature (>38 °C or Heart rate > 90 beats per minute Respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute or PaCO2 High or low white blood cell count (> 12,000 or In severe sepsis impaired tissue perfusion along with micro vascular coagulation can lead to multiple organ system dysfunction, which is a major cause of sepsis-related mortality (Robson Newell 2005). While all organs are prone to failure in sepsis, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and renal dysfunction occur most commonly (Hotchkiss Karl 2003). When multiple organ system dysfunction occurs, Dolan (2003) promotes evidence-based sepsis treatment whereby patients should receive targeted organ support. This includes mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, fluids, vasopressor or inotropic administration, and blood product administration, to maximize perfusion and oxygenation. In recent years new therapies have emerged which have been shown, in some cases, to increase the chance of survival from severe sepsis. Recombinant human activated protein C has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and pro-fibrinolytic properties (Dolan 2003). In a randomised controlled trial, Bernard et al (2001) found a significant reduction in the mortality of septic patients who had been treated with activated protein C. The National Institute for clinical excellence (2004) now recommends this treatment for adult patients who have severe sepsis resulting in multiple organ failure, and who are being provided with optimal ICU support. Steroids, the use of which in ICU has long been debated, have also been shown, in low doses, to reduce the risk of death in some patients in septic shock (Annane 2000). Despite the development of specific treatments to interrupt or control the inflammatory and procoagulant process associated with sepsis, its management remains a major challenge in healthcare (Kleinpell 2004). The patient in scenario 1 was clearly in a state of severe sepsis, with respiratory, cardiac and renal failure, and receiving some of the supportive treatments mentioned above. Indeed it seems that the severity of this condition should not have been underestimated. In view of this, the ethical issues surrounding the decision to take this patient to CT scan must now be considered. Ethical Dilemmas and Consensus Ethical issues have emerged in recent years as a major component of health care for critically ill patients (Friedman 2001). Thus, caring for these patients in an intensive care setting necessitates that difficult ethical problems must be faced and resolved (Fisher 2004). Traditionally, much of the literature in biomedical ethics comes from theoretical perspectives that include principled ethics, caring ethics and virtue ethics (Bunch 2002). Although these perspectives provide an ethical awareness, which can be helpful, they do not of necessity give much direction for clinical practice. Melia (2001) supports this notion, suggesting that many discussions of ethical issues in health care are presented from a moral philosophical viewpoint, which as a consequence leaves out the clinical and social context in which decisions are taken and carried through. Beauchamp Childress (1994) identify 5 principles pertinent to decision making in intensive care. These are: salvageability, life preservation, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ethical dilemmas occur when two or more of the above principles come into conflict. The principles of beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (doing no harm) and justice (fair treatment) are well established within the field of bioethics. Within a critical care context however, the dilemma between salvageability and life preservation becomes an important focus for health care professionals. Indeed, Prien Van Aken (1999) raise the question of whether all medical means to preserve life have to be employed under all circumstances, or are there situations in which we should not do everything that it is possible to do. This question becomes particularly relevant when a patients condition does not improve but rather deteriorates progressively. Curtin (2005) suggests that at some point in the course of t reatment, the line between treating a curable disease and protracting an unpreventable death can be crossed. In such incidences Prien Van Aken (1999) identify a transitional zone between the attempt to treat the patient, and the prolongation of dying, in which a conflict between the principles of life preservation and non-maleficence develops. These concepts seem particularly relevant to scenario 1 where the interests of the patient may have been neglected in favour of further attempts to treat the patients condition. This, in turn created a conflict between the principles of salvageability and life preservation. The decision to perform a CT scan on a patient with such cardiovascular instability and a very poor prognosis, meant that the patient was subjected to dangers and harms when there were few, if any benefits to justify this. Hence, the conflict between the ethical principles was not resolved, and the professional duty of non-maleficence toward the patient was not respected. Such conflicts and dilemmas in intensive care can be made all the harder by the availability of advanced technologies. Callahan (2003) writes that one of the most seductive powers of medical technology is to confuse the use of technology with a respect for the sanctity of life. In addition, Fisher (2004) contends that it has become all too easy to think that if one respects the value of life, and technology has the power to extend life, then a failure to use it is a failure to respect that value. This is particularly true of diagnostic technologies (such as CT scanning) which must be used with caution, especially in cases where the diagnostic information will make little or no difference to the treatment of the patient, but can create or heighten anxiety and discomfort for the patient (Callahan 2003). Medical technology is a two-edged sword, capable of saving and improving life but also of ending and harming life (Curtin 2005). Good critical care medicine carries the responsibility o f preserving life, on the one hand, and making possible a peaceful death, on the other. Callahan (2003) concludes by warning that any automatic bias in favour of using technology will threaten that latter possibility. Consensus between members of the intensive care team is also highlighted as an important issue in ethical decision making. Effective communication and collaboration among medical and nursing staff are essential for high quality health care (Woodrow 2000). Collaboration can be seen as working together, sharing responsibility for solving problems, and making decisions to formulate and execute plans for patient care (Gedney 2000 p.41). In intensive care units where ethical problems are faced frequently, care has to be a team effort (Fisher 2004). In a qualitative study, Melia (2001) found that there was a strong desire within the intensive care team that ethical and moral consensus should be achieved in the interests of good patient care, even though it was recognised that there is no legal requirement for nurses to agree with ICU decisions. Cobaoglu Algier (2004) however, found that the same ethical dilemma was perceived differently by medics and nurses with the differences being related to the hospitals hierarchical structure and the traditional distinctions between the two professions. Similarly, it has been observed that differences between doctors and nurses in ethical dilemmas were a function of the professional role played by each, rather than differences in ethical reasoning or moral motivation (Oberle Hughes 2001). It seems therefore that while the medical and nursing professions share the same aims for patient outcomes, the ideas surrounding how these outcomes should be achieved may differ (Fisher 2004). These differences have contributed to the development of the concept of the nurse as patient advocate, which sees advocacy as a fundamental and integral role in the caring relationship, and not simply as a single component of care (Snowball 1996). The role of the nurse advocate should be that of mediator and facilitator, negotiating between the different health and illness perspectives of patient, doctor, and other health care professionals on the patients behalf (Mallik 1998). Empirical evidence is sparse and philosophical arguments seem to predominate in the field of patient advocacy. There is some evidence to suggest that nurse advocacy has had beneficial outcomes for the patient and family in critical care areas (Washington 2001). Hewitt (2002) however found that humanistic arguments that promote advocacy as a moral imperative are compelling. Benner (1984) writes of advocacy within the context of being with a patient in such a way that acknowledges your shared humanity, which is the base of nursing as a caring practice (Benner 1984, p. 28). It has been argued that advocacy, at least in a philosophical sense, is the foundation of nursing itself and as such should be regarded as an issue of great importance by all practitioners (Snowball 1996). Conclusion It can be concluded that sepsis in a critical care environment is a complex condition with a high mortality rate, requiring highly specialised treatments. As such, the ethical issues and dilemmas faced by health care staff caring for a septic patient can be both complex and far reaching. It must be noted, that there can be no general solutions for such ethical conflicts; each clinical case must be evaluated individually with all its associated circumstances. A study of ethical principles would suggest that it is important that the benefits of a specific treatment or procedure are established prior to implementation, and that these benefits outweigh any potential harms or risks to the patient. The ultimate decision maker in the scenario under discussion was the consultant anaesthetist, who should have provided a clearer rationale for performing a CT scan on such an unstable patient. As the nurse caring for the patient, the author recognises that the final decision regarding treatment rested with the anaesthetist. However, the author could have challenged the anaesthetists decision further, advocating the patients interests, with the aim of reaching a moral consensus within the team. Perhaps then the outcome would have been more favourable for all concerned. Action Plan By reflecting on this scenario, the author has gained an understanding of sepsis and the potential ethical problems which may be encountered when caring for a septic or critically ill patient. As a result, the author feels more confident to challenge those decisions made relating to treatment, which do not seem to be in the best interest of the patient, or which have the potential to cause more harm than good. The author now has a greater understanding of the professional responsibility to advocate on a patients behalf, with the aim of safeguarding against possible dangers. It is hoped that this will result in improved outcomes for patients in the authors care. Scenario 2 Description This incident occurred in a surgical intensive care unit while the author was looking after a ventilated patient who had undergone a laparotomy and right sided hemi-colectomy 2 days previously. Around 10.30am the patient was reviewed by medical staff and was found to be awake and alert with good arterial blood gases, and requiring minimal ventilatory support. In view of this, it was decided that the patients support should be reduced further, and providing this reduction was tolerated, that the patient should be extubated later in the morning. In the intensive care unit in which the author works an intensive insulin infusion protocol is used (see Appendix A). This is a research based protocol which aims to normalize blood glucose levels and thus improve clinical outcomes for critically ill patients. All patients on this protocol require either to be absorbing enteral feed at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥30ml/hr, on TPN or on 5% dextrose at 100ml/hr (Appendix A, note 2). The patient involved in this incident was receiving enteral feed via a naso-gastric tube, and was on an insulin infusion which was running at 4 U/hr. When it was decided that the patient was to be extubated, the author stopped the enteral feed as a precaution, to prevent possible aspiration during or after extubation. The author however did not stop the insulin infusion which breached the protocol guidelines. About 12 noon the patients blood gases showed that the reduction in support had been tolerated, and so the patient was extubated. Shortly after this the author was asked to go for lunch break and so passed on to a colleague that the patient had recently been extubated but was managing well on face mask oxygen. Returning from lunch 45 minutes later, the author found the patient to be disorientated and slightly confused. With good oxygen saturations, the author doubted that the confusion had resulted from hypoxia or worsening blood gases. The author then realised that the insulin infusion had not been stopped with the enteral feed earlier. A check of the patients blood glucose level showed that it was 1.2mmol/L. The author immediately stopped the insulin infusion, administered 20mls of 50% dextrose intravenously, as per protocol, and recommenced the enteral feed. Twenty minutes later, the patients blood glucose level had risen to 3.7mmol/L. The patient continued on the insulin protocol maintaining blood glucose levels within an adequate range. There were no lasting adverse effects resulting from the hypoglycaemic episode. Feelings When it was realised that the insulin infusion had not been stopped, the author felt a sense of panic, anticipating correctly that the patients blood glucose level would be dangerously low. Thoughts then became concentrated on raising the blood glucose level, to ensure that no further harm would come to the patient as a result of the authors mistake. Following the incident, when the patients glucose levels had risen, feelings of guilt were prominent. At this point the author realised how much worse the outcome could have been for the patient. The author felt incompetent, knowing that the patient could have been much more severely affected, or could even have died as the result of such a simple mistake. Evaluation The events of scenario 2 highlight the fact that clinical errors, while easily made, can have potentially disastrous consequences. This is especially true of those errors which involve the administration of drugs intravenously. In the interest of patient safety, it is important that all such errors are avoided. The clinical error outlined above could easily have been avoided. It seems that there was not sufficient awareness, on the authors part, of the insulin infusion protocol and the guidelines concerning the administration of insulin. As a result, the insulin protocol was not adhered to. The following analysis therefore will focus on the importance of insulin therapy in critical care areas, and will consider the safety issues surrounding intravenous drug administration. Analysis Blood Glucose Control in Intensive Care It is well documented that critically ill patients who require prolonged intensive care treatment are at high risk of multiple organ failure and death (Diringer 2005). Extensive research over the last decade has focused on strategies to prevent or reverse multiple organ failure, only a few of which have revealed positive results. One of these strategies is tight blood glucose control with insulin (Khoury et al 2004). It is well known that any type of acute illness or injury results in insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hyperglycaemia, a constellation which has been termed the diabetes of stress (McCowen et al 2001). In critically ill patients, the severity of this condition has been shown to reflect the risk of death (Laird et al 2004). Much has been learned recently about the negative prognostic effects of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients. Hyperglycaemia adversely affects fluid balance, predisposition to infection, morbidity following acute cardiovascular events, and can increase the risk of renal failure, neuropathy and mortality in ICU patients (DiNardo et al 2004). Research suggests that there are distinct benefits of insulin therapy in improving clinical outcomes. Such benefits have been seen in patients following acute myocardial infarction, and in the healing of sternal wounds in patients who have had cardiac surgery (Malmberg 1997; Furnary et al 1999). More recently Van den Berghe et al (2001) conducted a large, randomized, controlled study involving adults admitted to a surgical intensive care unit who were receiving mechanical ventilation. The study demonstrated that normalisation of blood glucose levels using an intensive insulin infusion protocol improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. In particular, intensive insulin therapy was shown to reduce ICU mortality by 42%, and significantly reduce the incidences of septicaemia, acute renal failure, prolonged ventilatory support, and critical illness polyneuropathy. The length of stay in intensive care was also significantly shorter for patients on the protocol. It is unclear as to why improved glycaemic control has been associated with improved outcomes in several clinical settings. Coursin and Murray (2003) have summarized several leading hypotheses including maintenance of macrophage and neutrophil function, enhancement of erythropoiesis, and the direct anabolic effect of insulin on respiratory muscles. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of insulin have also been evaluated (Das 2001). There is also uncertainty over whether it is the actual insulin dose received per se, or the degree of normoglycaemia achieved that is responsible for the beneficial effects of intensive glycaemic management. Van den Berghe (2003) analysed the data derived from their 2001 study and have concluded that the degree of glycaemic control, rather the quantity of insulin administered was associated with the decrease in mortality and organ system dysfunction. In a follow up to Van den Berghe et als 2001 study, Langouche et al (2005) found that a significant part of the improved patient outcomes were explained by the effects of intensive insulin on vascular endothelium. The vascular endothelium controls vasomotor tone and micro-vascular flow, and regulates trafficking of nutrients and several biologically active molecules (Aird 2003). Langouche et al (2005) conclude that maintaining normoglycaemia with intensive insulin therapy during critical illness protects the vascular endothelium and thereby contributes to the prevention of organ failure and death. Whatever the reasons for improved patient outcomes, the study by Van den Burghe et al (2001) has prompted much research in this field, all of which has yielded similar results. In a similar study, Krinsley (2004) found that the use of an insulin protocol resulted in significantly improved glycaemic control and was associated with decreased mortality, organ dysfunction, and length of stay in the ICU in a heterogeneous population of critically ill adult patients. Thus it seems that with the strength of the emerging data in support of a more intensive approach to glycaemic management, insulin infusions are being utilised with increasing frequency, and are considered by many to be the standard of care for critically ill patients (DiNardo et al 2004). It is important to note that a well recognised risk of intensive glucose management is hypoglycaemia. Indeed Goldberg et al (2004) emphasise that in the ICU setting where patients often cannot report or respond to symptoms, the potential for hypoglycaemia is of particular concern. The events of scenario 2 highlight the authors error in the administration of insulin resulting in hypoglycaemia. For this reason some issues surrounding intravenous drug therapy will now be discussed. Intravenous Drug Therapy There is an increasing recognition that medication errors are causing a substantial global public health problem. Many of these errors result in harm to patients and increased costs to health providers (Wheeler Wheeler 2005). In the intensive care unit, patients commonly receive multiple drug therapies that are prescribed either for prophylactic indications or for treatment of established disease (Dougherty 2002). Practitioners caring for these patients find themselves in the challenging position of having to monitor these therapies, with the goal of maximizing a beneficial therapeutic response, as well as minimizing the occurrence of any adverse drug-related outcome (Cuddy 2000). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2004) identifies the preparation and administration of medicines as an important aspect of professional practice, stressing that it is not merely a mechanistic task performed in strict compliance with a written prescription, but rather a task that requires thought and professional judgement. Heatlie (2003) found that the introduction of new insulin protocols and regimes could g

King Lears Self Discovery Essay -- King Lear essays

King Lear's Self Discovery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although King Lear is an estimable monarch, as revealed by the devotion of men such as Kent, he has serious character flaws.   His power as king has encouraged him to be proud and impulsive, and his oldest daughters Regan and Goneril reflect that "The best and soundest of his time hath been but rash..." and that "he hath ever but slenderly known himself" (1.1.297-298, 295-296).   When Lear decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters, Cordelia, Goneril, and Regan in order to have less responsibility in his old age, he creates a situation in which his eldest daughters gain authority over him and mistreat him.   Lear is unable to cope with his loss of power and descends into madness.   While the circumstances in which Lear finds himself are instrumental in the unfolding of this tragedy,   it is ultimately not the circumstances themselves, but King Lear's rash reactions to them that lead to his downfall.   In this downfall, Lear is forced to com e to terms with himself as a mortal man.    Lear's self-destruction begins when he stands before the court to divide his kingdom and commands his daughters to profess their love for him.   Cordelia, his youngest and most favored daughter, idealistically believes that words are unnecessary in the expression of love and refuses to profess her feelings.   King Lear had planned to give the most land to Cordelia and to stay with her in his old age and he states of Cordelia, "I loved her most, and thought to set my rest/ On her kind nursery" (1.1.125-126).   The king does not understand the motives behind Cordelia's silence and is shocked by her unexpected reaction to his demand.   He loses sight of his careful preparation for his future and in his... ...h.   This gesture is Lear's final relinquishment of the royalty he no longer values, as well as his decisive welcoming of mortality as it provides him with an escape from his grief.    Works Cited and Consulted Artaud, Antonin. The Theatre and Its Double. Grove Press Inc. New York. 1958 Billington, Michael. Gielgud: His Greatest Triumphs. "The Age." May 24, 2000. Brook, Peter. The Empty Space. 1st Touchstone edition. Simon and Schuster Inc. 1996. Noguchi, Isamu. Isamu Noguchi On the Dance. "Texts by Isamu Noguchi." Partee, Dr. Morriss   Henry. Shakespeare Improved. University of Utah English Dept. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Lear. Jay L. Halio. Ed. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press. New York. 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Lear.   Ed. Russell Fraser.   New York: Penguin, 1998.

Schutz?s theory Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s paper, I will be analysis personal relationship using Schutz’s theory of interpersonal needs. According to Communication Making Connection by William J. Seiler and Melissa L. Beall, Schutz’s theory implies that we have three needs: the need for affection, the need for inclusion, and the need for control. According to Schutz’s theory, the need for affection is the need to feel likeable or lovable. If various people like a specific person, that person has effectively fulfill this need and that need is referred as personal. Someone who is unable to fulfill this need is labeled either underpersonal or overpersonal. Personal individuals want to be liked, but they do not consider being liked by everyone essential for happiness. Underpersonal people avoid emotional commitments or involvement with others. Overpersonal individuals will often go to the extremes to ensure acceptance by others. It is my belief that, I am a personal individual. I’m the type of person that feels like I’m capable of dealing with anyone that I come in contact with. Many people that I’ve encounter over the years like my football teammate feel that I’m cocky; nevertheless I tell them that I’m just confident. My ex-girlfriend, shontell, on the other hand is more an overpersonal type of individual. She needs to be at the center of attention in order to ensure that she is acceptance by she peers. She will not make a decision without someone approval. According to Schutz’s theory, the interpersonal ne...

El Nino: Past, Present, and Future Essay -- Natural Science essays

El Nino: Past, Present, and Future El Nino is both an atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon affecting weather patterns all around the world. It is complemented by La Nina in a cycle that occurs approximately every 4 years, varying as much as every two years to every six years (Wang 1999, 3331). La Nina has almost the opposite effect, however differs in its strength and duration randomly, as does El Nino (Fedorov 2000, 1998). The cycle is often paraphrased as ENSO, standing for El Nino-Southern Oscillation (Flugel 1997, 3230). It is called this because the El Nino phenomenon is especially strong in the Southern Hemisphere, and has greater effects in areas of the pacific near the equator. Although ENSO is prominent in certain areas, it alters weather patterns all around the world. The El Nino pattern can be quite random with and approximate range of 2 to 6 years per cycle, and is a loaded gun believed to be triggered by western winds (Fedorov 2000, 1997). Many scientists are now looking to the past for answers, so the El N ino cycle can be predicted for the years to come. New discoveries have recently been made on El Nino's history, and possible future. Recent El Nino's and La Nina's have shown that there is no effect of the strength and duration of one on the other (Fedorov 2000, 1998). The last one in 1997 was among the strongest, next to the 1982 El Nino (Fedorov 1997). Although the ENSO is relatively unpredictable, some scientists believe it to be dependent upon the intensity of trade winds and the depth of the thermocline (Fedorov 2000, 1997). A thermocline is the layer of water that rests between the upper and lower layer water that are categorized by the water temperature (Fedorov 2000, 1997). For example, off the coast of Peru... ... could argue that these alterations from the normal ENSO cycle could be due to global warming. Right now more research is being conducted, which would be necessary to prove this theory. Only time can tell us whether we will need to beware of El Nino's wrath in the future or whether El Nino will be tapering out. Works Cited Fedorov, Alexey V. and S. George Philander. "Is El Nino Changing?". Science: vol. 288, June 16, 2000, pp. 1997-2001. Flugel, Moritz and Ping Chang. "Does the Predictability of ENSO Depend on the Seasonal Cycle?". Journal of Atmospheric Sciences: vol. 55, No. 21, pp. 3230-3243. Kerr, Richard A. "El Nino Grew Strong As Cultures Were Born". Science: vol. 283, Jan 22, 1999, pp. 467-468. Wang, Risheng and Bin Wang. "Phase Space Representation and Characteristics of El Nino-La Nina". Journal of Atmospheric Sciences: vol. 57, No. 19, pp. 3315-3333.

Gun Control Persuasive Paper Essay

A gun control law is any law that restricts the use, purchase, or possession of any firearms (Conservapedia). These laws are implemented to reduce the use of firearms to authorized members of a state’s government. Each state in America has its own laws regarding gun control; however, among all, California has the strongest laws, scoring 81 out of a 100 (O’Mara). Gun control laws are necessary in a state because they decrease violence, increase government’s protection in the state, and decrease the lethalness of other crimes. Gun control laws can reduce violence and crime. In the United States, 67% of crimes in 2010 were committed with firearms (Rogers, 2007). This means that majority of crimes committed in America had guns and other firearms involved. If firearms are prohibited in the state, then in theory, crime rates will go down by 67%. Guns have the ability to take someone’s life. Having that said, disallowing the use of guns can not only decrease crime rates, but lower causalities as well. Ozanne-Smith et al (2004) arrived at a similar conclusion in a study conducted in Victoria, Australia after examining the trend in the firearm-related deaths in the context of strong legislative reform. They found the following: â€Å"Significant and dramatic declines in rates of firearm related deaths occurred in Victoria and Australia after periods of strong legislative reform. Statistically significant reductions in firearm related suicides were observed after legislative reforms. In 2000, rates of firearm related deaths were less than two per 100 000 population for Victoria and Australia compared with 10.4 per 100 000 population for the United States. In Victoria, reductions in the numbers of registered firearms of 25% and of licensed shooters of 15% were seen over the four years between 1997–98 and 2000–01† (Ozanne-Smith, 2004). Prohibiting civilians from using guns can increase the effectiveness of the police in one’s state. When a person owns a gun, in theory he can protect himself and therefore does not need protection from the police. Thus, he becomes independent. However, if a person is not allowed to own a gun, he becomes more dependent upon the government for his safety and the police and the government now becomes more aware of the importance of their task in protecting their state. Lastly, the restriction of firearms can decrease the lethalness of crimes other than murder and homicide. Often times, minor criminals like thieves and robbers commit their crimes with a firearm, when in reality; the commission of their crime does not require it. They simply use the guns for self-defense. As a result, they are more likely to kill their victims rather than just stealing from them. Therefore, they not only steal, but they kill as well. The prohibition of firearms can lessen a criminal’s ability from committing another crime by decreasing the probability of murder and homicide. However, firearms have its benefits as well. But if the aforementioned is not used in the right way, it will lead to serious consequences: including death. That’s why gun control laws are implied in a state: to regulate and prevent the misuse of such firearms.